Access Control is a fundamental component of information security used to regulate who or what can view or use resources in a computing environment. It is crucial in managing and constraining the flow of information within an organization, ensuring that only authorized users have access to specific resources. Access control operates on principles such as “least privilege” and “need-to-know” to reduce risks and exposure to vulnerabilities. It is implemented through policies, permissions, and other control mechanisms. Various models of access control exist, including discretionary, mandatory, and role-based models, each designed to suit different organizational needs. Effectiveness in access control is paramount in protecting sensitive information from unauthorized access, disclosure, alteration, or destruction. Access Control mechanisms are critical across various sectors like healthcare, finance, and government, where information confidentiality is paramount. Additionally, it assists in compliance with regulations like HIPAA and GDPR, providing a structured approach to information access. Lastly, a robust access control system is integral to maintaining trust among users and stakeholders in an interconnected digital environment.